The product refining unit comprises three main sections: gasoline desulfurization, dry gas and liquefied petroleum gas desulfurization, and diesel refining. These sections include a dry gas desulfurization tower, a gas holder desulfurization tower, a liquefied petroleum gas desulfurization extraction tower, an oxidation tower, a rich-liquid flash drum, a disulfide separation drum, and a tail-gas absorption drum. The towers encompass both tray-type and packed towers, with packed towers being predominant. The principal internal components include metal random packing, coalescing packing, liquid distributors, liquid collectors, packing support grids, packing grid supports, tower tray assemblies (including floating valves, tray decks, downcomers, receiving trays, liquid seals, and associated support beams), oil collection tanks, gas–liquid feed distributors and distribution pipes, as well as fasteners such as bolts, nuts, clamps, and washers.
● Main bulk fill materials
(1) Metal Flat-Ring Random Packing
Stainless steel flat-ring random packing includes QH-1, QH-2 (also known as plum-blossom flat rings, i.e., flat rings with inward-curved arc-shaped ribs), and QH-3. This type of packing exhibits significantly superior performance compared with other random packings in liquid–liquid extraction systems with low interfacial tension. Flat-ring packing is well suited for liquid–liquid extraction processes as well as gas–liquid mass-transfer processes.
(2) Metal rectangular saddle ring random packing
Metal rectangular saddle ring random packing features a ring-saddle configuration composed of annular and saddle-shaped sections, with tongue-shaped ribs internally. The packing consists of two curved segments: the upper arc is an elliptical curve, while the lower arc is a semicircular curve. The finished product exhibits a smooth surface free of rust stains or cracks, and its edges are free of burrs. This packing offers advantages such as high throughput, low pressure drop, and high efficiency, along with good strength and rigidity, making it one of the most widely used types of random packing today.
(3) Metal Pall Ring Random Packing
Metal Pall rings are random-packed column packings in the form of cylinders with a height equal to their diameter and a number of window openings on the surface. Developed in the 1940s by BASF in Germany, these packings are manufactured by stamping thin metal sheets, with the total area of the window openings typically accounting for about 35% of the entire ring wall area. Compared with Raschig rings of the same specification, the numerous window openings in the Pall ring allow gas and liquid within the tower to pass freely through the windows, resulting in a significantly improved distribution of gas and liquid within the packing bed and markedly enhanced separation performance. Consequently, Pall rings remain one of the most widely used annular packings today.
(4) Liquid Distributor
Tray-type liquid distributor
The trough-type liquid distributor consists of a main trough (primary trough) and secondary troughs, with the main trough positioned above the secondary troughs. The reflux liquid and feed liquid enter the main trough through an inlet pipe located at the top, and are then distributed to the individual secondary troughs in proportion. This secondary-trough design features a simple structure, facilitating installation by accessing the tower through a manway; it also provides uniform gas-liquid channels with a large free cross-sectional area. In packed towers, it is often used in conjunction with a liquid collector, enabling thorough collection and uniform distribution of the feed liquid. Overall, the trough-type liquid distributor offers excellent comprehensive performance.
Tray-type liquid distributor
The trough-type gas–liquid distributor is a gravity-fed liquid distributor, comprising rectangular riser tubes, angle and channel-shaped liquid-guiding tubes, dovetail- or channel-shaped liquid-distribution caps, a packing support plate, a support ring, and support beams. This type of distributor offers advantages such as uniform gas and liquid distribution, low pressure drop, resistance to entrainment, compact footprint, and ease of installation, making it well suited for applications involving feed introduction, side-stream withdrawal, and liquid collection and redistribution. When used in packed towers, it is currently one of the liquid distributors with the best overall performance.
(5) Liquid Collector
Liquid collectors are installed between packed beds to ensure uniform gas distribution and thorough liquid mixing across the bed. When used in conjunction with trough-type liquid distributors, liquid collectors further promote uniform gas–liquid distribution within the packed bed.
(6) Packing gland
The packing gland ring adopts a perforated baffle structure, which occupies minimal space, offers high permeability, does not impede gas–liquid mass transfer across the packing, and also reduces end effects on the packing.
(7) Packing Support
Packing grid support: Packing grid support is used in packed towers and is currently one of the better structured packing supports. It features a large free cross-sectional area. Packing hump support: Hump support is also employed in packed towers and is among the superior supports for random-packed media. The hump is equipped with elongated side openings and is formed by stamping steel plates; its liquid throughput can reach 200 m³/m²·h, with a maximum pressure drop of 69 Pa. It is suitable for various types of random-packed media larger than 25 mm, so the width of the side openings should be set such that 25-mm packing does not leak through. For smaller packings, a layer of fine-mesh steel wire mesh can be placed on top of the hump.
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